Apple's Spring Loaded event: a few observations

Tech Life

 

Looking back at the April 20 Spring Loaded Apple event, of all the things that have been introduced, the new 24-inch colourful iMacs are what piqued my interest the most. And as usual with Apple in recent years, I got my regular dose of excitement mixed with frustration. Of course, some of the things I find annoying may be non-issues for many other people. But the event was more than just new iMacs, so let’s go over the main products.

1. AirTags

Finally, the long-rumoured accessory was unveiled. It’s an inexpensive tracking device with a user-replaceable battery, two features I didn’t expect to associate with an Apple product. I’m assuming you saw the event and know already how AirTags work. You can put them in or on the personal items you want to keep track of, and use the Find My app to track them. One cool privacy-related feature is that you can’t use an AirTag to surreptitiously track someone else. As Apple’s AirTag page explains:

AirTag is designed to discourage unwanted tracking. If someone else’s AirTag finds its way into your stuff, your iPhone will notice it’s traveling with you and send you an alert. After a while, if you still haven’t found it, the AirTag will start playing a sound to let you know it’s there.
Of course, if you happen to be with a friend who has an AirTag, or on a train with a whole bunch of people with AirTag, don’t worry. These alerts are triggered only when an AirTag is separated from its owner.

AirTags are a nifty gadget. I don’t really need one, but given its low price I wanted to buy one anyway. Sometimes it’s after you own an accessory that you stumble on a use case for it. Unfortunately, the coolest aspect of the AirTag experience — Precision Finding, that interface that points you to the exact location of your AirTag — is made possible by Ultra Wideband technology, which is currently available only on the iPhones 11 and 12.

I guess that if you own an older device or another device that doesn’t have the U1 chip, you could still be able to track an AirTag via the Find My app, just as you can track your other devices. But you’re definitely not getting the best experience.

2. Updated Apple TV 4K

If you want a short and sweet summary of what’s new, Ars Technica is your friend. Highlight №1 is that it’s powered by an A12 Bionic chip (the previous model featured an A10X chip), which offers an increased GPU and video performance, making it a better device for playing games, something Apple Arcade subscribers will be happy to hear. Highlight №2 is that it comes with a redesigned remote, and this is probably something 90% of Apple TV owners will be happy to hear, given the amount of criticism faced by the previous touchpad remote design.

I personally care very little about the Apple TV ecosystem. To make the most of an Apple TV, first I would have to buy a much better TV than the one I currently own. And given how little time my wife and I spend watching TV, both a new TV set and an Apple TV 4K (or HD) would just be a waste of money.

At $179 for the 32 GB model, and $199 for the 64 GB model, Apple TV remains one of the most expensive products in its category. Apple insists on offering a premium device with sophisticated features (High Frame Rate HDR, colour calibration using the iPhone, etc.), and that’s fine, yet I can’t help but feel that these only appeal to a niche audience. Most regular folks I know [Content warning: anecdotal evidence] simply look for inexpensive, get-the-job-done devices they can connect to their TV sets to watch something on Prime Video, Netflix, Hulu.

I didn’t particularly mind the old remote design. I held one once or twice and I remember thinking it didn’t look or feel that bad. But the new design, from what I can see on Apple’s site, seems better thought-out.

3. The new, colourful, 24-inch M1 iMacs

I’m not going to lie: when I first saw the introductory video during the Spring Loaded event, I had a big smile on my face. Finally Apple was bringing back something from their past that was worth recapturing: computers that come in a varied selection of vivid, beautiful colours. A touch of whimsical fun after years of basically silver-and-black Macs.

As the new iMacs were presented in more detail, though, that big smile progressively faded. Mind you, I’m not entirely disappointed, and part of me still wants to put one of these on my desk (at the moment I’m torn: yellow, orange, or purple?). But when you look past the bright colours and sleek design, you start to encounter a few details which — for me — are irritating compromises.

Thin or bust

Apple has created what’s possibly the thinnest all-in-one desktop computer, and I’m sure they’re still patting themselves on the back. But was it necessary to produce a computer that is so thin that its power supply has to be external? I find that rather inelegant. My 21.5‑inch 4K retina iMac is less than 3 cm thicker at its thickest point, and has an internal power supply. I believe that Apple could have easily built a new iMac with this new, flat design, by making it 2.5 cm thicker and putting the power supply inside. It still would have retained a thin and elegant profile, and Apple would have spared us the external brick.

The year of MagSafe on the desktop

I find it a bit ironic that these new iMacs have what is essentially a MagSafe-like proprietary power connector, and current MacBooks (where such a magnetic connector would certainly prove more useful) do not. I suppose they chose a magnetic connector for the new iMacs because their chassis is so thin that inserting a regular power plug would exert too much force on it. (Also, a regular power plug may be simply too deep for these very thin iMacs). On the other hand, I hope those magnets are strong, because in case of an accidental pull on the power cable, iMacs are not laptop computers with a battery — they would be abruptly switched off.

I know, I know this connector was designed to be strong enough, exactly because it’s for a desktop computer and therefore wasn’t designed to behave like the MagSafe connector on Mac laptops, but still, I wouldn’t have minded a kind of security mechanism to keep the connector in place when plugged in, like in a breech-lock system for mounting camera lenses, where you have an outer ring that rotates and secures the lens to the camera mount.

Port austerity

Connections-wise, these new iMacs offer a surprisingly (or unsurprisingly) restricted selection. At best, you get two Thunderbolt/USB 4 ports, two USB 3 ports (USB‑C connector), and Gigabit Ethernet (on the external power supply brick, in case you were wondering). At worst, you get two Thunderbolt/USB 4 ports and that’s it. No SD Card slot, not even one single USB‑A port. I suspect it’s because such connections would require a bigger motherboard or even a slightly thicker chassis. And these machines are essentially MacBooks in a desktop form factor. At this point I’m almost surprised they still have a 3.5mm headphone jack, to be honest.

From stripped-down to mmkay

The new iMacs come in three configurations, but I wouldn’t call them goodbetterbest.

  • Rather, the cheap-and-atrocious $1,299 low-tier configuration is available in fewer colours, has 8 GB of RAM and 256 GB of flash storage, and the GPU in the M1 SoC is limited to 7 cores like the M1 MacBook Air. It only has two Thunderbolt/USB 4 ports. It also comes with just a regular Magic Keyboard, not even one with Touch ID.
  • The barely-good-enough middle tier $1,499 iMac has an 8‑core GPU, two more USB 3 ports, Gigabit Ethernet, and a Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, but still has 8 GB and 256 GB of flash storage.
  • The finally-decent top-tier $1,699 iMac has features that, in comparison, would have made it the middle-tier iMac just a few years ago. It’s exactly like the $1,499 iMac but this time you get a 512 GB SSD.

Put it another way, the $200 difference between the low-tier and the middle-tier iMacs buys you 1 GPU core, three more ports, Touch ID on the included keyboard, and more colour choices. The $200 difference between the middle-tier and top-tier iMacs buys you… 256 GB more of internal storage. As you can see, when it comes to base RAM and storage, once again we’re reunited with good old stingy Apple.

I know there is a market for the low-tier iMacs. They’re for people with restricted budget, or maybe for bulk solutions in an education environment. The monolithic nature of the M1 chip doesn’t appear to allow much room for meaningful differentiation when it comes to offering various configuration options for the same machine.

That’s why these three iMac tiers feel so contrived to me. It’s not an additive configuration model, where you start with a decent base machine (the good tier) and you add meaningful features to it to create the better tier machine, and then you add some more perks to end up offering the best tier machine. With the new iMac you have a subtractive configuration model: you start by what is essentially a reasonable configuration by 2021 standards — the most expensive $1,699 iMac — and then remove functionalities from it to offer two more lower tiers which do cost less, yes, but also leave you with a machine with the bare minimum of ports, performance, memory and storage — and neither of these latter features are upgradable down the road.

I realise that computers are de facto household appliances by now, but this trend towards devices with immutable innards once you pick a configuration at the time of purchase still feels annoying and ridiculous to me. Computers aren’t devices you replace every year. Your needs may change over time. If there’s something you constantly need more of as time goes by is storage space. Internal drives should always be upgradable. Yes, yes, You can always add external storage. And have a USB or Thunderbolt port permanently or semi-permanently occupied? That wouldn’t be so bad if Apple made computers with more ports. Memory should always be upgradable, too, but I’m afraid that this cause is lost for good today, what with the internal structure of the M1 SoC.

The bang, the buck, and the performance

If you look at the technical specifications, the new iMacs are essentially M1 Mac minis with a good-quality display attached. If you already own a good-quality display, and if you can look past the unquestionable attractiveness of the new M1 iMacs, then probably the rational choice is to get an M1 Mac mini. A base $699 Mac mini has the same 8‑core CPU, 8‑core GPU M1 chip; the same 8 GB of base RAM and 256 GB base storage; the same two Thunderbolt/USB 4 ports, two USB 3 ports (but with the still-versatile USB‑A connector) and Gigabit Ethernet as the $1,499 M1 iMac, plus of course an HDMI port.

Sure, the new iMacs come in an attractive package, and perhaps you can’t find a 24-inch 4.5K display with the same quality and integrated 1080p HD webcam as the one in the iMac for $800. But if you need a machine that delivers the same performance, and you already own a display you’re comfortable with, then the base M1 Mac mini very much looks like a better deal.

Less blurred lines

It is abundantly clear by now that the transition from Intel to Apple Silicon architecture is being carried out by releasing a first wave of refreshed products all revolving around the M1 SoC, and that such products are to be considered consumer-oriented lineups. At the moment, though, I’m even more intrigued by what Apple hasn’t released yet. It doesn’t take much acuity to predict that the second wave of Mac computers will be the professional line, and will revolve around an even more powerful Apple-designed SoC.

And another thought: how much more powerful? Consider: the current performance of an M1 ‘consumer’ Mac is already an order of magnitude better than the performance of many Intel machines in the ‘pro’ market. Apple has to produce a chip that will outperform the M1 by a perceptible margin — CPU-wise, GPU-wise, or both — otherwise why bother getting a ‘pro’ machine in the first place?

So perhaps, when the Intel-to-Apple-Silicon transition is over, we may see again that clear distinction between consumer and professional Macs we first witnessed in the early 2000s, with PowerPC G3 Macs in the consumer slot, and G4/G5 CPUs powering more professional Macs. And like in the PowerPC era, we’ll be back to having a simpler, more clear-cut distinction between consumer-class Macs and pro Macs based on the chip class and denomination. These Macs have M1 CPUs, so they belong to this tier. These Macs have (M1X? M2?) CPUs, so they’re in a higher tier. People won’t really have to analyse spec sheets to assess how powerful a Mac is and what it can really do for them.

4. The new iPad Pros

Unless I’ve missed something, the main new features of the new iPad Pros are:

  • They’re now powered by an M1 chip.
  • The 12.9‑inch model is equipped with a much improved display with technology derived from the Pro Display XDR.
  • The iPad’s main connector has been upgraded from USB‑C to support Thunderbolt 3 and USB 4.
  • The cellular models offer 5G wireless data.

So fast, it’s ridiculous

For me, the iPad Pro is like that friend who is already so affluent you don’t know what to gift them for their birthday. What do you give to those who already have everything? In the case of the iPad Pros, the answer apparently is, More of what they already have.

In Faster than its own OS, the article I published after the release of the 2018 iPad Pros, I wrote:

But ever since I started hearing this argument [that these iPad Pros are so powerful they can outperform most PCs and even MacBook Pros], a question that’s been nagging me — a question I still haven’t found a satisfactory answer to — is this: All this staggering performance… to do what, exactly?

And:

Many power iPad users seem to want this device to become more like a Surface. A 2‑in‑1 device. A shape-shifting tablet that can act like a real laptop when needed. They require a versatility that the iPad, in my opinion, cannot provide yet because it still has an operating system that treats it like a big iPhone, most of the time. iPad is this hybrid entity with the hardware capabilities of a traditional computer, and the mind (software) of a smartphone. That’s one part of the identity crisis. The other part is that iPad still doesn’t know what it wants to be when it grows up. And on the hardware front, it has definitely grown up now.

iOS, in its current form, is still inadequate for the iPad. To truly shine as a tablet, as a portable powerhouse, iPad needs adequate software. It needs apps that really take advantage of all these unparalleled tech specs and hardware capabilities. But it also needs an operating system that’s more thoughtfully tailored to the iPad’s format and user experience. Sure, iOS has become more iPad-friendly with the last two releases, but it just can’t keep up with the hardware. The iPad should have started to have its iOS branch or flavour years ago — I’d say around the time of the third- or fourth-generation iPad at the latest. Just as it makes sense for the AppleTV to have tvOS and for the Watch to have watchOS, it would make even more sense if the iPad had its custom iOS with controls, behaviours, user interface, that treated it like the powerful tablet that it is.

Apologies for the extended quote, but after seeing the presentation of these new M1-powered iPad Pros, these very same thoughts and observations came again to mind. After three years we now have iPad Pros with yet another astounding hardware boost, and essentially the same software capabilities of three years ago.

I feel that, with the iPad, Apple is increasingly painting themselves into a corner. There comes a moment where they feel compelled to come out with an upgrade, and since hardware is what Apple does best, here we have new iPad Pros with significant hardware improvements. But in terms of perceived performance in real-life use we’ve already reached a ceiling with the iPad. I could be wrong, but I’d love to see a use case, a set of circumstances, where a user really notices the difference between the previous A12Z Bionic chip in the 2018 iPad Pros and the current M1 chip.

What the iPad needs is a leap forward in the software department. This is where a fundamental redesign is needed, in my opinion. An iOS-based variant that starts treating the iPad more like a touch-based traditional computer and less like a big smartphone. I still stand by the conclusion I wrote in that 2018 article quoted above:

I think that a good set of apps and a more versatile, more tightly integrated OS with these new iPad Pros should be a given. Instead, we’re still ‘getting there’, while the hardware (design and tech specs) is already beyond there, waiting for the software to catch up. This combination still requires a fair amount of versatility on the user’s part to be effective. This software/hardware gap is especially frustrating when you have iPad Pro configurations that cost more than a traditional, high-end laptop.

This is why I’m really, really looking forward to WWDC this year. I want to see a preview of iPadOS 15 going in this direction, aimed at harnessing all this incredible potential afforded by truly powerful hardware specs. I’m tired of using the term potential when talking about the iPad.

The M1 chip in an iPad! This must mean…

Yes, I thought about that as soon as Apple did the reveal at the event. It was more of a reflex than a real thought. What if Apple’s next move is making iPad Pros run Mac OS!? I mean, on a technical level it’s not exactly impossible. If you’re cynical enough you could even say that this could certainly be a nice shortcut on Apple’s part to give the iPad Pro immediate access to a lot of truly professional applications… the ones made for Mac OS.

But if you stop and think, this whole picture would be a bit of a mess. Sure, Mac OS on an Apple Silicon Mac can run iOS/iPadOS apps (with the debatable results and utility we’ve all seen so far), and generally speaking, when you put apps designed for Multi-touch interaction on a traditional computer with keyboard and mouse/trackpad input, the inherently more precise input system of the latter won’t give you too much trouble interacting with such apps. When you do the opposite, though, things get tricky fast.

It’s not completely unfeasible, mind you. If you take a Microsoft Surface device, you’re basically interacting with apps designed for traditional computers on a device that lets you interact with them with your fingers or a stylus. But the experience is not that great, and you tend to favour a more traditional keyboard and trackpad interaction, maybe using your fingers to scroll inside windows or tap the occasional target, and the stylus to draw more precisely in certain areas.

In other words, after the initial What if!? moment, I don’t think that the M1 chip in an iPad necessarily means that Mac OS and iOS are going to become one hybrid system, or that iPad Pros are going to become Mac OS devices. I think that,

  1. The time to release an iPad Pro update had come, and that at this point the only viable successor to both the A12Z Bionic and the A14 Bionic chips (you don’t release an iPad Pro that has the same processor as the ‘lesser’ iPad Air…) was the M1, so Apple put it in the new iPad Pros, and that’s that, end of story.
  2. The presence of an M1 could potentially mean that more Mac-like features could be more easily implemented for these iPad Pros with the next version of iPadOS. Or that iPadOS 15 on an M1-equipped iPad could run not the entire Mac OS verbatim, but single Mac apps by adapting certain UI elements to be more iPad- and touch-friendly. With the ultimate goal of having ‘universal apps’ that get optimised according to which system it’s running them. It would be sort of merging things and not merging them at the same time, if you know what I mean. Not having one hybrid operating system, but hybrid uses across different devices.

Stray observations

1.

During the event I tweeted: Apple’s current hardware design language: “Everything is an iPad.” Some asked me privately what I meant by that. Well, it’s rounded rectangles all over the place again. Look at the iPhone 12 line, look at the iPad Pro and Air, look at the new iMacs… It’s the same concept, the same primitive, in different sizes. This is not inherently a bad thing. A certain design language is much of what makes a brand recognisable. You see those lines, you see that æsthetic, and you know it’s an Apple product even if it doesn’t have an Apple logo on the front.

On the other hand, what’s next? Apple is currently exploring colour again to make their hardware design striking, appealing, recognisable; but I also see a lot of recycled & remixed design details, while the last impactful design changes and refreshes were made when Steve Jobs was still alive. Maybe it’s just me, but I’d like to see another design leader like Jonathan Ive directing Apple’s Design division. Someone who could come up with an unexpected, opinionated design like the original iMac or the clamshell iBook.

2.

I love Centre Stage for video calls, it’s a very cool feature implemented in that seamless way I still like about Apple. In case you missed what it is, Apple explains it in the iPad Pro’s page:

Center Stage. The all‑new Center Stage uses the Ultra Wide camera and machine learning to change the way you participate in video calls. As you move around, it automatically pans to keep you centered in the frame. When others join in or leave the call, the view expands or zooms in. Center Stage works with FaceTime and other video conferencing apps for an even more engaging experience.

3.

When I first saw the new 24-inch iMacs appear on screen, I admit I was puzzled by the clear bezels. When I look at my 21.5‑inch 4K retina iMac, I really love that it has a black bezel around the display. But the more I look at these new colourful iMacs, the more I think that the clear/white bezel is a better match to their general æsthetic. It reinforces their visual message of ‘lightness’ and casual fun, so to speak.

The logo-less ‘chin’ on the front of the iMac, however, still perplexes me. Oh well, if I ever purchase one of these iMacs, I’ll put one of the old ‘Rainbow Apple Computer logo’ stickers I still have around.

4.

I like that now there are Magic keyboards, mice, and trackpads that come in colours to match the iMacs. And I like that now even desktop Macs get Touch ID via the new Magic Keyboard. Too bad Apple has decided to maintain that awful arrow-key design instead of going back to the ‘inverted T’ layout like they’ve done with the MacBooks.

→ Softdroid: Interview with Riccardo Mori

Et Cetera

About a month ago, I was contacted by the owner of Softdroid, a Russian website focused above all on data recovery and reviews of software applications for Android, iOS, and Windows. He told me he found my blog via Hacker News, and that he particularly enjoyed one of my recent articles, The reshaped Mac experience. But before sharing it with his website’s audience, he asked me if I was willing to answer a few questions, just to give his readers some background about me — you know, who I am and where I come from.

I thought it was a great idea and, after a brief email exchange, here’s the resulting interview (in English). I hope you’ll enjoy it.

While I understand that most of my readers don’t speak Russian, in case you want to check out the website, Google Translate does a pretty good job at translating the contents at Softdroid.net. Maybe you’ll find something interesting or some valuable tips & tricks.

My thanks to Vladislav for featuring me on Softdroid.

A brief ode to Stickies

Software

As I was reflecting some more about my favourite features of Mac OS X over the 20 years of its history, I realised that I needed to add a very special mention to the list — the Stickies app.

And as soon as I thought of Stickies, I remembered that it’s an application that’s even older than Mac OS X. The first version of Stickies was written in 1994 by Jens Alfke, and debuted as part of System 7.5 in the same year. He developed the application in his spare time while working at Apple. Stickies was originally called Antler Notes, and in the classic Mac OS version of the app, there’s a nice Easter Egg reminding you of its origins.

By the way, during his time at Apple, Alfke contributed to many important features of the Mac operating system. Between 1991 and 1993 he was part of the team that developed AppleScript; he specifically helped to design the Open Scripting Architecture and created the Script Editor. Between 1993 and 1997 he worked on the development of the OpenDoc framework.

Later, in 2000, he started developing an instant messaging client that became iChat for Mac OS X, that was first introduced with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar. He and his team later worked on expanding iChat’s features, resulting in the release of iChat AV in 2003. After leaving the iChat project, in late 2003 he joined the Safari team and worked on what then became Safari RSS, the RSS/Atom news reader and aggregator built into Apple’s Safari, which debuted in Safari 2.0, released with Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger. This feature was then removed with Safari 6.0 in OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion.

Back to Stickies, the amazing thing about this application is that it hasn’t essentially changed for the past 27 years. In Mac OS X, its icon has remained the same from version 10.0 to version 10.15. It was redesigned in Big Sur to better fit its æsthetic:

Stickies app icon up to Mac OS 10.15 Catalina

Stickies app icon in Mac OS 11 Big Sur

As for the app’s interface, apart from slight changes from the classic Mac OS to Mac OS X, it’s always been the same, in appearance and fundamental behaviour. Just to show you a few examples, here’s Stickies in Mac OS 7.6.1:


The About Stickies dialog box.


Note information


Stickies’ Preferences.


When you quit Stickies, this dialog appears.

Here’s Stickies in Mac OS X 10.5.8 Leopard (PPC):

Here’s Stickies in OS X 10.11.6 El Capitan:

And here’s Stickies in Mac OS 11 Big Sur. As you can see, the default notes have stayed the same over the years:

As far as note taking goes, Stickies is a bit of an unsung hero among Mac applications. Often overlooked or dismissed, I’ve been using it on a rather constant basis probably since Mac OS 8.6 on my iMac G3 back in 1999. The amazing thing is that, backup after backup, migration after migration, when I now launch Stickies on my iMac, I can see all the notes I’ve been retaining for the past 20 years or so. ‘Sticky notes’ indeed.

Stickies are really versatile when you need to write down something quickly, and at the same time you want to keep notes right next to what you’re working on, exactly like their physical counterpart.

  • They support formatted text, so you can write using different fonts and styles.
  • You can easily create bulleted/numbered lists within a note.
  • You can import images in notes.
  • You can (of course) choose different colours for the notes, and choose to have notes always in front of other windows or keep them semi-transparent.
  • You can search text within a note or all the notes by pressing ⌘-F.
  • To save space, notes can be minimised by double-clicking on their title bars, just like you could collapse Finder windows in System 7.5 with the WindowShade feature.
  • More importantly, sticky notes are persistent. You don’t need to use a Save command — you never needed to. All the notes you create are retained when quitting the app. All the notes are there when you reopen it. Stickies keeps all information in a self-contained database, which can be easily backed up and migrated by copying the file StickiesDatabase, which is located in your Library (~/Library/StickiesDatabase).

I used to take advantage of Stickies’ flexibility especially during the first years of my career as a freelance translator, when I had to translate entire manuals, and needed to maintain a consistent technical glossary. I started with paper notebooks but, especially when working out of the home office, it was handier to have all my notes on the Mac, right beside the word processor or whatever application I was using to carry out my translations.

So cheers, Stickies! I’m glad you’re still around. And cheers to Jens Alfke — what a legacy.

20 years of Mac OS X - Some of my favourite features

Software

On 24 March 2021, Mac OS X (now simply Mac OS) turned 20, as its first major release, Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah was released on 24 March 2001. The denomination Mac OS X is however slightly older than that, as it debuted with the release of Mac OS X 1.0 Server on 16 March 1999.

Since my day job has kept me rather busy these past weeks, I haven’t been as prompt as other tech writers in recognising this 20-year milestone and writing something celebratory about it.

In this overview, then, I want to go through every major release of Mac OS X, and briefly talk about which new features I’ve liked the most for each release, and which features I was sad to see removed. I think that this approach is also a nice way to reminisce a bit about Mac OS X through the years. (Note that the features I liked the most may not necessarily coincide with important features that were added in each new release).

Before we begin: for practical reasons I’ve heavily relied on Wikipedia as a source of information, simply because there are too many details I can’t just recall by memory. The specific bits of information taken verbatim from Wikipedia are marked with [W].

If you have time and want a more detailed read on the history and evolution of Mac OS X, I strongly suggest checking out this article by John Siracusa and all the links to his monumental Mac OS X reviews and retrospectives listed therein. Siracusa’s contributions on the matter are a marvellous, immense endeavour deserving the highest praise.

Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah

Released: 24 March 2001
Latest release: 10.0.4 — 22 June 2001
Wikipedia entry: here

I published a brief visual tour of Mac OS X 10.0.3 on my System Folder blog back in 2008.

I didn’t use 10.0 much at the time of its release. I was still using Mac OS 8.6 on my G3 iMac, and a friend gave me the 10.0 CD-ROM only in late July 2001, and when Mac OS X 10.1 Puma was released two months later, I upgraded immediately.

Features I liked the most:

  • The Aqua interface: I really loved all the previous Macintosh user interfaces, and while other long-time Mac users weren’t particularly thrilled by the Aqua redesign at the time, I had no problems accepting the new look.
  • Docklings: A very short-lived feature, but I liked it. In my afore-linked Tour of Mac OS X 10.0.3, I wrote: ‌Apple quickly abandoned the use of docklings, but at this time it seems pretty evident that the Dock was designed to be a versatile centre of operations, acting as a Launcher, a navigational tool (by putting folder aliases on the right side of it), an application switcher (taking the function of the Application menu in the Mac OS ‘classic’ Finder) but also as an evolution of the Control Strip. By the way, the ‘dockling’ concept wasn’t that bad. With hindsight, using the Dock for status icons could have been a better idea, since the Dock is more expandable and eventually has more room for icons rather than the menu bar.
  • Protected memory: Memory protection so that if an application corrupts its memory, the memory of other applications will not be corrupted. [W]

Mac OS X 10.1 Puma

Released: 25 September 2001
Latest release: 10.1.5 — 6 June 2002
Wikipedia entry: here

I have memories of Puma as being a very stable release, especially in its last 10.1.5 iteration, and a real performance boost compared with 10.0. It stayed on my G3 iMac until the computer died in early 2003, and then it stayed on my iBook G3 SE FireWire until the release of Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. When I purchased my 12-inch PowerBook G4 in 2004, I installed Panther on it and downgraded the iBook to Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar (Server) for some time, as I needed a machine with server functionalities.

Features I liked the most:

  • Easier CD and DVD burning: better support in Finder as well as in iTunes. [W]
  • DVD playback support: DVDs can be played in Apple DVD Player. [W] Fun fact: My iBook G3 SE Firewire was basically the first DVD player I’ve ever owned. I didn’t have a TV at the time, so I used the iBook to watch films, obviously connecting it to an external 17-inch display!
  • The new Image Capture app: For me, Image Capture is and remains Mac OS’s true unsung hero. I’ve used it for years to import photos from my iOS devices connected to the Mac via cable. I generally let photos accumulate on my iPhones, then I periodically perform a mass import on my Mac and a subsequent purge on the iPhone, to free up some space. Image Capture is very fast at importing and/or deleting hundreds of iPhone photos.

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

Released: 23 August 2002
Latest release: 10.2.8 — 3 October 2003
Wikipedia entry: here

Worth mentioning:

Mac OS X Jaguar introduced many new features to the Mac OS that remain to this day, including MPEG‑4 support in QuickTime, Address Book, and Inkwell for handwriting recognition. It also included the first release of Apple’s Zeroconf implementation, Rendezvous (later referred to as Bonjour), which allows devices over a network to discover each other and display available services to the user, such as file sharing, shared scanners, and printers. [W]

Features I liked the most:

  • The new iChat app: Before iChat I used multiple other IM applications, which I always found lacking, especially UI-wise. I was glad to be able to use a single well-designed app to manage different IM protocols.
  • All the improvements to the system UI.

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • The famous Happy Mac that had greeted Mac users for almost 18 years during the Macintosh startup sequence was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X Jaguar. [W]

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Released: 24 October 2003
Latest release: 10.3.9 — 15 April 2005
Wikipedia entry: here

Panther was the first Mac OS X version I got in line to purchase on launch day. At the time a group of friends owned an Apple Authorised Reseller in Milan, Italy, and they too set up a Night of the Panther event on 24 October 2003. With the purchase of a copy of Panther, among other things I was given a mousepad with the Panther ‘X’ logo. I still have that mousepad and I use it with my Power Mac G4 Cube.

Features I liked the most:

  • Exposé: Helps the user manage windows by showing them all as thumbnails. [W]
  • TextEdit’s compatibility with Microsoft Word .doc files.
  • The new Font Book app: Apple’s own font manager, although I kept using Linotype FontExplorer X for a long time.
  • Fast User Switching: Allows a user to remain logged in while another user logs in. [W]
  • Safari: Last but not least, Safari. It seems incredible that Apple’s own browser is 18 years old now. While at the time my absolute favourite browser was Camino (which I had been using since its early versions, when it was still called Navigator first, then Chimera), Safari quickly became my second browser, replacing any other alternative browser I was using back then (like Internet Explorer and Opera).

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Released: 29 April 2005
Latest release: 10.4.11 — 14 November 2007
Wikipedia entry: here

Tiger and 10.6 Snow Leopard are my absolute favourite releases in all Mac OS X history. I still have and use several PowerPC Macs running 10.4 Tiger, even a PowerBook G3/400 ‘Lombard’ which officially supports up to 10.3 Panther. The last Tiger minor release, 10.4.11, is just rock solid, and makes using older PowerPC machines a joy.

Features I liked the most:

  • Spotlight: The then-new full-text and metadata search engine. In my opinion, this first version of Spotlight still has the best user interface, which started to degrade since Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.
  • The addition of RSS support in Safari: The new Safari 2.0 web browser in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger features a built-in reader for RSS and Atom web syndication that can be accessed easily from an RSS button in the address bar of the web browser window. [W]
  • Dashboard: A new mini-applications layer based on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, which returns the desk accessories concept to the Mac OS. These accessories are known as widgets. It comes with several widgets such as Weather, World Clock, Unit Converter, and Dictionary/Thesaurus. More are available for free online. Its similarity to the Konfabulator application caused some criticism. [W] I really used and enjoyed Dashboard a lot, especially during the first years, then my usage gradually waned around maybe the 10.8 Mountain Lion era.
  • The new Dictionary app: Very handy for a writer and translator as myself, also because it’s not dependent on an Internet connection to work (unless you use it to also look up things on Wikipedia). I remember thinking it was about time it debuted on Mac OS X, since even NeXTSTEP had a Digital Webster app back in 1988.
  • The Unified window theme for the system UI: I’m probably one of the few long-time Mac users who liked the ‘Brushed Metal’ system interface in Mac OS X 10.3 Panther, but the new so-called Unified theme that debuted in Tiger was a huge improvement.

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Released: 26 October 2007
Latest release: 10.5.8 — 13 August 2009
Wikipedia entry: here

Features I liked the most:

  • Quick Look: A framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application; and they can also be previewed in full screen. Plug-ins are available for Quick Look so that you can also view other files, such as Installer Packages. [W] For me, QuickLook is such a monumental feature in Mac OS X, and it’s the single feature I miss most when using Macs running previous releases or other operating systems that don’t have a similar feature. Hitting spacebar to preview anything is such an ingrained shortcut in my muscle memory.
  • Back to My Mac: A feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet. [W] I really loved the concept, but sadly it never worked reliably for me.
  • Boot Camp: A software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs. [W] At the time I had no real interest for this feature, as I was firmly Mac-only. Today, this feature allows me to boot my iMac in Windows 10 when needed, and it’s very very handy. (Although it’s still a pain if you want to install Windows on an external drive.)
  • Spaces: An implementation of virtual desktops (individually called “Spaces”), it allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop. The auto-switching feature in Spaces has annoyed some of its users. Apple added a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this feature, but there were still bugs found while switching windows. In 10.5.3, this problem was addressed and was no longer an issue. [W] As someone who typically works with a lot of open apps and documents, this feature was really an improvement (when it got stabilised in 10.5.3).
  • Time Machine: Apple’s automated backup utility. I’m probably the only Mac user out there who (touches wood) never had a backup issue with Time Machine. It’s not my only backup solution, of course, but it did save my butt on more than one occasion.
  • The addition of Reader mode in Safari 5: It removes formatting and ads from webpages, allowing for distraction-free reading. The technology was based on Arc90’s Readability.

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • The Classic Environment — a hardware and software abstraction layer in PowerPC versions of Mac OS X that allows most legacy applications compatible with Mac OS 9 to run on Mac OS X — was removed in Leopard. I knew it had to happen at some point, and I was frankly surprised it had lasted this long, indeed a very generous grace period for those users still relying on Mac OS 9 applications. But still, I was sad to see it go.

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Released: 28 August 2009
Latest release: 10.6.8 v1.1 — 25 July 2011
Wikipedia entry: here

In case you missed it, I recently wrote a retrospective look at Mac OS X Snow Leopard in two parts:

Features I liked the most:

  • I just liked this Mac OS X release as a whole, especially the improvements in the Finder (now rewritten in Cocoa), Safari 4, iChat, Time Machine.
  • All the UI refinements. I talk about some of the most important in the aforementioned retrospective.

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • Dropped support for AppleTalk.
  • Dropped support for creating/updating HFS (also called Mac OS Standard) volumes.

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

Released: 20 July 2011
Latest release: 10.7.5 — 4 October 2012
Wikipedia entry: here

Lion was the first Mac OS X release I truly wondered whether to install or not, and actively delayed upgrading until version 10.7.2 or 10.7.3. As you can read in the linked Wikipedia entry, reception for Mac OS X Lion was mixed, and I remember reading some negative first impressions by people I trusted. At the time it seemed like a downgrade compared to the stability of Snow Leopard.

Lion is also the Mac OS X version that introduced natural scrolling, where scrolling is reversed by default, to act more like a touch screen device, so that content moves in the direction of finger movement on trackpad or mouse (with the scrollbar moving in the opposite direction), rather than the scrollbar moving in the direction of finger movement (with the content moving in the opposite direction). [W]

I always found this to be ‘unnatural scrolling’, so I always reverted to the old way.

Features I liked the most:

  • AirDrop: Lion-to-Lion direct file sharing via Wi-Fi Direct, with no wireless access point required. [W] At the time I didn’t have much use for AirDrop, but it has become much more reliable now, and I’m glad Apple introduced it.
  • Auto Save: The Auto Save feature for application documents was a love/hate relationship for me. As Wikipedia says, it significantly alters traditional workflow patterns and is a controversial addition to the system. But I still think adding it was a good idea overall.
  • System-wide support for full-screen apps.
  • High-quality multilingual speech voices: I’ve always used text-to-speech to help me proofread my articles and anything I write, really. Since Lion, the high-quality UK female voice ‘Serena’ is firmly set as my default Speech voice. I love it.
  • Improvements in TextEdit: The app gains a new graphical toolbar with font selection and text highlighting. [W]
  • Resume feature: Applications resume in the same state when re-opened as already seen in iOS. [W]

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • Save As: I always preferred to have this rather than Duplicate/Revert, and I remember having a hard time getting accustomed to the new workflow.
  • Rosetta: The software that makes possible the execution of PowerPC software on x86 hardware was removed in Lion. I knew Apple would drop support for PowerPC apps at some point. And like with the removal of the Classic Environment in Leopard, I was surprised PowerPC support lasted this long in the first place. However at the time I was still relying on a few PowerPC apps and it was a bit annoying to find alternatives and adjust. But, as I said, I couldn’t expect PowerPC support to last forever…
  • Removal of Intro videos: I don’t know you, but I loved the Welcome to Mac OS X videos playing after installing Mac OS X. I was sad Apple stopped making them.
  • Removal of scrollbar arrows: This irked me. Even if scrolling became more precise; even if scrolling can be performed in finer increments by using the ↑ and ↓ keys, I still miss the scrollbar arrows.

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

Released: 25 July 2012
Latest release: 10.8.5 — 13 August 2015
Wikipedia entry: here

Mountain Lion was the first Mac OS X release to drop ‘Mac’ from its name, as Apple started referring to it as OS X Mountain Lion rather than Mac OS X Mountain Lion.

It was also the first release to be distributed in a completely digital format. (Its predecessor, too, was initially only available via a software download, but Apple later made it also available via a USB flash drive that could be purchased on the online Apple Store for $69).

Mountain Lion introduced a lot of new things on the Mac, mostly features borrowed from iOS and features that improved synchronisation between Mac OS and iOS — but these did little to really improve my workflow, so I won’t mention these in my ‘Features I liked most’ list.

I wasn’t particularly excited about Notification Centre on the Mac, for example. I hated that its icon replaced the Spotlight icon in the top right corner of the screen.

  • Adding the Notes app to the Mac made sense, but since I was using (and still use) Simplenote + Notational Velocity or the more feature-rich nvALT, this addition didn’t really do anything for my workflow or sync habits.
  • Mountain Lion is the OS X release that replaced iChat with Messages, and I’ve always liked iChat’s UI more.
  • The updated Safari 6 added two features I liked (iCloud tabs and the unified smart search field), but dropped a featured I loved — RSS support (it was also dropped in Mail).
  • Power Nap was another welcome feature. From Wikipedia: ‌Power Nap allows flash storage-based Macintoshes (late 2010 MacBook Air and later, or the MacBook Pro with Retina display) to synchronise with iCloud (Reminders, Calendars, Photo Stream, Notes, Mail, and Find My Mac) while sleeping and also allows a Mac to download App Store and OS X updates as well as make periodic Time Machine backups when it is plugged in and sleeping.

Mountain Lion was generally considered to be an improvement over Lion, especially in the UI department, and it did change a lot of stuff (as you can read on the linked Wikipedia entry). However, in retrospective, for me personally 10.8 is perhaps one of the least memorable OS X versions. I really needed to check Wikipedia for an overview of all the changes and improvements because off the top of my head I couldn’t recall any of them, except maybe Notification Centre. It’s ultimately a good thing, because it means that Mountain Lion worked flawlessly and reliably on my Macs.

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

Released: 22 October 2013
Latest release: 10.9.5 — 18 July 2016
Wikipedia entry: here

OS X Mavericks was the first OS X major release to be a free upgrade, and the first release to inaugurate using California locations instead of felines in OS X version codenames.

Features I liked the most:

  • Timer coalescing: A feature that enhances energy efficiency by reducing CPU usage by up to 72 percent. This allows MacBooks to run for longer periods of time and desktop Macs to run cooler. [W]
  • iCloud Keychain: I loved the idea, but I never activated this feature on my devices due to my implicit distrust in iCloud services; a distrust that lasts to this day despite the clear improvements over time.
  • The new iBooks app: Maybe it’s just me, but I don’t mind reading or consulting books on my Macs.

Among the features I was sad to see removed there’s everything mentioned in the Wikipedia entry, i.e.:

  • The Open Transport API has been removed.
  • USB syncing of calendar, contacts and other information to iOS devices has been removed, instead requiring the use of iCloud.
  • QuickTime 10 no longer supports many older video codecs and converts them to the ProRes format when opened. Older video codecs cannot be viewed in Quick Look.
  • Apple also removed the ability to sync mobile iCloud Notes if iOS devices were upgraded from iOS 8 to iOS 9.

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

Released: 16 October 2014
Latest release: 10.10.5 — 19 July 2017
Wikipedia entry: here

As the Wikipedia entry says, Yosemite introduced a major overhaul of OS X’s user interface, emphasising flat graphic design over skeuomorphism, following the æsthetic introduced with iOS 7. It is the first major redesign of the OS X user interface since 10.5 Leopard. Other changes include thinner fonts and blurred translucency effects. Some icons have been changed to correspond with those of iOS 7 and iOS 8.

Unlike many other long-time Mac users, I really didn’t mind the UI redesign and the general flat æsthetic introduced in Yosemite. But the replacement of Lucida Grande with Neue Helvetica as system font was really a bad idea (I wrote some of my concerns in this article that predates WWDC 2014). That, the awful network instability (remember the discoveryd fiasco?), and other issues truly put me off, so Yosemite was the first Mac OS X version I refused to upgrade to, and I stayed on 10.9 Mavericks until 10.11 El Capitan was released.

Features I liked the most:

  • The redesigned Dock: Its look was now more similar to the one in early Mac OS X versions up to Tiger.
  • Continuity and Handoff: The Handoff functionality allows the operating system to integrate with iOS 8 devices over Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi; users can place and answer phone calls using their iPhone as a conduit, send and receive text messages, activate personal hotspots, or load items being worked on in a mobile app (such as Mail drafts or Numbers spreadsheets) directly into their desktop equivalent. [W]

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • Above all, the introduction of Photos as a replacement for both iPhoto and Aperture. I didn’t care much for iPhoto. I actually think that Photos is, overall, a better app than iPhoto ever was. But I’m still mad that Aperture was discontinued. It is still my professional photo editing and photo management app of choice, though. I like its workflow much better than, say, Adobe Lightroom’s.

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

Released: 30 September 2015
Latest release: 10.11.6 — 9 July 2018
Wikipedia entry: here

Overall a very stable system, especially in its last 10.11.6 release, that has never given me a single problem on my 2009 MacBook Pro.

Features I liked the most:

  • The San Francisco font, thankfully replacing Neue Helvetica as system font.
  • Window management features (see Wikipedia entry).

Mac OS 10.12 Sierra

Released: 20 September 2016
Latest release: 10.12.6 — 26 September 2019
Wikipedia entry: here

With the release of 10.12 Sierra, the ‘X’ is dropped from the name, and ‘Mac’ returns, although spelt as ‘macOS’. Quoting Wikipedia, the name “macOS” stems from the intention to uniform the operating system’s name with that of iOS, watchOS and tvOS. I have always refused to conform to such silly spelling, so you’ll always find it written as ‘Mac OS’ here and on my social media posts.

I haven’t much to say about Sierra. Like Yosemite, it’s a version I skipped altogether. Unlike Yosemite, I did not skip Sierra purposefully and I have nothing against it. At the time it was released, my mid-2009 MacBook Pro couldn’t be updated past El Capitan, and I didn’t want to use a third-party patch to update it to Sierra at all costs. When I finally got a new iMac in 2018, it came with Mac OS 10.13 High Sierra preinstalled.

Among the new features introduced in Sierra, worth mentioning are Siri and Night Shift. But the former has always been useless to me, and to the latter I’ve always preferred f.lux.

Mac OS 10.13 High Sierra

Released: 25 September 2017
Latest release: 10.13.6 (Security Update 2020-006) — 12 November 2020
Wikipedia entry: here

Perhaps my favourite Mac OS version in recent times. After a bit of a rocky start (see Problems on the Wikipedia entry), I find 10.13.6 to be a very stable environment that is virtually issue-free for me. I still use High Sierra on my 2017 21.5‑inch 4K retina iMac and on my mid-2013 11-inch MacBook Air. I’m considering updating both to 10.14 Mojave, but I’m not in a hurry, honestly.

Notable in High Sierra is that it’s the Mac OS release where the new APFS filesystem (replacing HFS+) is the default. Since my iMac has an internal hard drive and not an SSD, its filesystem is still HFS+, as High Sierra doesn’t force the change on internal hard drives. As I’m told, Mojave does update them to APFS, instead, and that’s the main reason I’m reluctant to update my iMac, as disk performance is markedly worse on hard drives with APFS.

Features I liked the most:

  • I like that the screen can be locked with the keyboard shortcut ⌘-Ctrl‑Q.
  • Intelligent Tracking Prevention in Safari 11: feature that uses machine learning to block third parties from tracking the user’s actions. Safari can also block autoplaying videos from playing. [W]

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • FTP and telnet command line programs were removed in High Sierra.

Mac OS 10.14 Mojave

Released: 24 September 2018
Latest release (at the time of writing): 10.14.6 (Security Update 2021-002) — 9 February 2021
Wikipedia entry: here

As you may have guessed from the previous entry, I haven’t had the opportunity of using Mojave on any of my Macs, so I have little to say about it. It is generally considered a ‘good’ update, and many have praised the introduction of Dark Mode in its user interface. I’m not a fan of Dark Mode. I don’t think it is a great usability improvement, and I prefer using Light Mode and f.lux to reduce eye strain in the late hours of the day.

Features I liked the most:

  • I certainly like the improved functionalities in the screenshot software and the new Screenshot app that replaces the venerable Grab app.
  • I also like the new space in the Dock for recently used apps.

Worth mentioning:

Mac OS update functionality has been moved back to System Preferences from the Mac App Store. In OS X Mountain Lion (10.8), system and app updates moved to the App Store from Software Update. [W]

Mac OS 10.15 Catalina

Released: 7 October 2019
Latest release (at the time of writing): 10.15.7 Supplemental Update — 9 February 2021
Wikipedia entry: here

I used Catalina for less than two weeks before enrolling my 2015 13-inch retina MacBook Pro in the Big Sur beta programme, but based on the huge feedback I received about it (see my series of posts Mac OS Catalina: more trouble than it’s worth, starting from here), I consider 10.15 Catalina to be possibly the worst release in all history of Mac OS X.

Features I liked the most:

  • Sidecar is perhaps the only new feature I really like in Catalina. Sidecar allows a Mac to use an iPad (running iPadOS) as a wireless external display. With Apple Pencil, the device can also be used as a graphics tablet for software running on the computer. [W]

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • Dropping support for 32-bit apps is what I hate most about Catalina.
  • I also disliked the split of iTunes into different apps (Music, Podcasts, TV, Books), all of lower quality than the sum of their parts that was iTunes.

Mac OS 11 Big Sur

Released: 12 November 2020
Latest release (at the time of writing): 11.2.3 — 8 March 2021
Wikipedia entry: here

Big Sur is the first Mac OS release in 20 years with a new numbering scheme — it’s not ‘Mac OS Ten’ anymore.

I’ve been beta testing Big Sur since August 2020, and I’ve been keeping a logbook on my blog, documenting my observations. You can start from the Intro if you’re interested.

Features I was sad to see removed:

  • Network Utility has been deprecated.
  • The ability to remove the menu bar clock.

Follow-up: the feedback on my articles about Snow Leopard, and more about user interface design

Software

This post is at least two weeks late. What happened right after I published my two articles on Snow Leopard (link to the first, link to the Addendum) was 95% amazing and 5% frustrating.

Amazing because the response was rather unexpected and overwhelmingly positive. Frustrating because I simultaneously started receiving a lot of feedback via email, and my day job kept me busier than usual. The result is that I accumulated a serious email backlog almost immediately, and my response times got longer because I was overwhelmed with work.

To give you an idea, the second article was published on 22 February, and between 23 February and 16 March, I received 154 emails. A good 30% of these were short messages of appreciation, to which a “Thank you for reading” reply was sufficient. Then there was the usual 10% of messages from people who clearly missed the point of my articles, but at least didn’t write me anything offensive.

The remaining 60% of feedback is comprised of messages from people who asked me to elaborate more on certain aspects of Snow Leopard’s UI; messages from people who raised further questions about Apple’s interface design in general; and messages from people who were curious about my background, who wanted to know where I come from with regard to discussing user interface topics.

In this article I want to share some of the most interesting bits that have come out of this sudden but satisfying onslaught of feedback. I won’t use full names for privacy reasons, just initials. Think of this as a sort of interview, if you like.

After agreeing with me on the better usability in Snow Leopard’s UI compared with Big Sur’s, C.H. writes:

There’s also one thing that drives me nuts when nerds discuss software and OS design. They would dismiss older releases saying that they look ‘dated’. Today anything that doesn’t look flat, bland and minimal is ‘dated’. I don’t think that it’s the right way of talking about GUI design. Emphasis should be put on function more than looks.

I tend to agree. How a graphical user interface looks is important, but it’s when visuals and workings are strongly tied together that good design happens. The look of a piece of software or operating system reflects the underlying ideas and interface decisions on how to present information to the user and how to allow the user to manipulate it. How a user interface looks shouldn’t be treated as a separate, standalone aspect of its design. The way some nerds talk about UIs that look ‘dated’ makes me think that they, as users, tend to separate the visuals and workings of an interface.

The only way I can reasonably call an interface ‘dated’ is when considering hardware limitations. Windows 3.1, to me, looks dated like Pac-Man looks dated to a modern gamer. But Pac-Man is as good and as addictive as some current games; the way it looks is strongly influenced by the limitations of the hardware it was meant to run on and the technology of its time. Same for Windows 3.1. In both these cases, how something looks doesn’t necessarily make it ‘good’ or ‘bad’. It’s how it works.

Another thing that makes the ‘dated’ objection kind of meaningless is the fact that there are old user interfaces which fit the description of what some would define as a ’modern look’. The Macintosh System 6 operating system, that was used by Macs between 1988 and 1991, has a flat and minimal UI. In my opinion, using ‘dated’ as a criterion to judge whether a user interface is good or bad, is misguided.


S.L. asks:

Do you think it’s possible to replicate the overall Big Sur æsthetic going straight from the Snow Leopard interface? That is, can the Big Sur æsthetic be done right?

This is a particularly juicy question.

On a purely theoretical level, I would say it is possible to ‘fix’ Big Sur’s interface by integrating what was ‘right’ in Snow Leopard. Again, on paper, the recipe would be rather simple: go take a deep look at Snow Leopard’s interface, study the Human Interface Guidelines it was based upon, examine the way Snow Leopard’s UI consistency worked, and replicate that in Big Sur while giving it a ‘fresher look’ (if that’s so important). This is more or less how iterating on the UI worked in the past, from Mac OS X 10.0 to 10.6 at the very least.

On a practical level, my instincts tell me that that ship has sailed by now. We are at a point where such a course correction at the UI level would require such time and effort that Apple would have to noticeably slow down Mac OS development. Steve Jobs’s Apple would have done it, because Jobs didn’t really care about shareholders the way the current leadership does. And in fact, in a way, that’s what Snow Leopard was all about back then — the first Mac OS version to focus on fixing what hadn’t worked in 10.5 Leopard, rather than touting new features.

But Tim Cook’s Apple? Forget about it. For that to happen, people would have to constantly complain about Big Sur’s UI the way they did with the infamous butterfly mechanism in the MacBook’s keyboard. For that to happen, people would have to stop buying Macs because of Big Sur alone. And that’s very unlikely, considering how many people are just fine with Big Sur’s UI.

Apple’s stupid insistence on heavily borrowing iOS and iPadOS’s visual language for the Mac’s interface is starting to look like an irreversible trend. As someone who’s been a Mac user for more than 30 years, this user interface degradation is painful to witness. I fear that, inside Apple, either there’s no one left of the old design team guard, or the new guard is simply ignoring their input.

It’s just speculation on my part, of course, but what I see when I use Big Sur is the work of people who only seem to know about iOS’s interface and paradigms. Designers who haven’t really studied how the old Human Interface Guidelines worked, or don’t care, or they have but think they’re doing a better job (…and they’re not).

What I’ll never tire of pointing out is that the mere fact of altering Mac OS’s interface to make it more similar to iOS and iPadOS’s works against its very usability. If the idea behind this insistence on homogenising these interfaces is to bring new users to the Mac — that is, people who only know and use Apple’s mobile devices — and welcome them with a familiar interface, then Apple is not really doing them a favour.

By having a Mac OS release (Big Sur) with an interface that superficially resembles iOS’s interface and sometimes behaves in a similar way, is less user-friendly than it seems. Because when behaviours do differ — due to the fact that a traditional computer with an interface that revolves around the desktop metaphor and mouse+keyboard as input devices, is different from a phone or tablet with a Multi-touch interface — then you actually add an amount of that cognitive load you originally wanted to remove by making the two UIs (of Mac OS and iOS) more uniform. If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, but then it barks, then things may get a bit confusing.

With this premise, it’s easy to think that making Mac OS also behave more like iOS is the necessary next step. This is likely what Apple has in mind for the future of the (Apple Silicon) Macs. But if you think about it, a design method that starts from the visuals and then has the visuals influence the workings of a system is a method that works backwards with respect to what’s typically considered good design. The interface of a Mac, an iPhone, and an iPad should be focused on being the best for each specific device.


A.M. writes:

I appreciate the criticism in your Snow Leopard vs Big Sur articles. I also realize it’s somewhat easier to point at what’s wrong than make a list of what is right or what should be done right with a UI. In your opinion, what are the fundamentals of a good UI?

Apple itself wrote a good answer to this question, back in 1982 with the publication of the Apple //e Design Guidelines, a short manual in two parts, the first written by Joe Meyers, the second by Bruce Tognazzini. In Part 2, Tognazzini outlines the goals for good human interfaces: simplicity, consistency, efficiency, self-teaching, speediness, minimum strain on the user’s memory, and honesty. Here are some excerpts:

Simplicity

User interaction should be simple and easy to remember. Spend the necessary time to design a user interface that presents the best trade-off between alternate design issues. Once the user has become basically familiar with the human interface, if she guesses at an unknown response, she should be correct 95% of the time.

Consistency

All programs written for a given computer should have as great a commonality as is practical. […] All programs produced by a given software house should perform the same function in the same way. The same key sequence must not do the opposite thing in different products (E=edit, E=eradicate). […]

All software should be self-consistent: menu formats should be identical. […] If the LEFT-ARROW key deletes characters in one part of the program, it should delete characters in all parts of the program. If you are working on a large project, be sure to spend enough time in team meetings being sure that everyone is on the same track — all too often the three or four sections of a program end up with an entirely different ‘feel’.

Efficiency

The user should be able to perform the desired task in as little (perceived) time as possible, with the minimum (perceived) complexity. […]

Self-teaching

Often there is a trade-off between ease of learning and ease of use. Carefully balance your decisions: if the program is too difficult to learn, salespeople will not learn it and, thus, not sell it. If endless instructions and voluminous menus make it slow and cumbersome to use, people will get frustrated and tell their friends not to buy it. […]

Both syntactic and content help should be available at the point at which it is needed; designers are successfully doing that without encumbering the experienced user. See: Help and Menu. Many designers have successfully created a multi-tiered interface. See: Novice/expert modes.

Speediness

Actual speed of operations is important, but perceived speed is even more important. It may seem important to conserve keystrokes. but it is more important to conserve “brain strokes” and design the interface so that there is a natural flow. A more important goal is to reduce the amount of unproductive time, which is time spent deciding how to perform the desired task rather than time spent performing the task. This concern should permeate the entire design process.

React to user’s input immediately. A user will interpret any delay of more than a few tenths of a second after he has pressed RETURN to mean that either the program or the user has made an error.

Minimum strain on the User’s memory

Programs that are not used literally every single day will be forgotten. Users will not remember command words, the names of their files, nor the fact that you are accepting data not with RETURN, but with CTRL‑V. […]

Computers are notoriously good at remembering the above type of information. Share it with your user: make sure the information needed is available where and when needed.

Honesty

Do not lie to your users. Do not say, “File loaded” when the file is not loaded, only the name of the file has been “loaded,” whatever that means. [In other words, don’t create deceiving user interfaces.]

These goals may have been written 40 years ago, but they’re far from ‘dated’, and I find they’re still great software design goals/guidelines today. It would be interesting to closely examine all major operating systems available today and test them against these goals. Not even Apple’s own operating systems would pass. Mac OS, for one, has increasingly become less consistent from OS X 10.7 Lion onwards (some would argue that things started going downhill after 10.4 Tiger, even).


J.W. has a provocative question:

Don’t you think that this dumbing-down of the Mac UI (and other platforms) is because regular people today are dumber when it comes to computing than we were back in the Eighties?

I like the direction this question is going, but I believe it’s more complicated than that. First, I’d say no: today, regular people tend to be more literate than those of us who were exposed to computers back in the 1970s and 1980s. Back then, approaching this new thing, the computer, was more cumbersome. I was given my first home computer when I was 10 years old, and tried to learn everything I could in the only possible way before the Web existed — via books and magazines. But at that time many regular people first encountered computers in their twenties or thirties, and in the workplace. And they had never experienced anything like that before in their life, except maybe pocket calculators.

Today we see smartphones and tablets already in the hands of small kids. Some of them are already familiar with the basic interactions with these devices at an age where I was still perfecting my cursive script, so to speak.

Nevertheless, this superior base computing literacy of today’s regular folks compared to the regular folks of the Eighties, has interesting side-effects when we return to user interface design. Chris Espinosa already pointed this out back in 1997, at the end of a lecture held with Larry Tesler at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California:

…I don’t think acculturation had no effect [on human interface design]. I think what acculturation has done [is that] it’s made us soft. We don’t address complexity anymore the way [we used to do] — we sweated over complexity in 1981; we were deathly afraid of complexity. We take it for granted now.

And that is where the problem lies today. A lot of usability and discoverability issues of current operating systems’ UIs stem from that ‘taking acculturation for granted’ Espinosa was talking about. Today, a lot of people arrive to traditional computers via mobile devices; mobile devices are the first computing experience they know. And iOS and Android are simpler (some geeks would say ‘dumber’) operating systems than Windows, Mac OS, or Linux.

So, on the one hand, you have regular people who find using traditional computers harder than the smartphone or tablet they’re familiar with, because they assume computers will behave similarly — they take them for granted — and are puzzled when that doesn’t happen. On the other hand you have operating systems on traditional computers with worse user interface design because the OS designers take for granted that people today are more familiar with this stuff than they were decades ago.

So the OS designers take shortcuts because they think, It’s not the 1980s anymore, we don’t have to explain these interactions starting from Adam and Eve anymore. This leads to ambiguity in the UI; it leads to assumptions like, We can make this discoverable only on mouseover, the user will figure it out, or, It doesn’t matter if this control doesn’t look like a button. On the iPhone it’s the same thing and people will know that. Well, judging from the amount of feedback from regular people I received on Big Sur’s UI, the answer is no, many users won’t figure that out as instantly as you think.


Conclusion, for now

This has been just a small selection of subjects I wanted to address publicly. As noted at the beginning of this piece, the amount of positive and thought-provoking feedback I’ve received after publishing my articles on Snow Leopard’s UI has been staggering. I’ve done my best to respond to every single person who wrote me, and I’ve tried to extrapolate the very best questions I was asked. Of course, this is far from exhaustive; user interfaces is the kind of subject I easily get carried away with, but I’m also aware that people’s attention is very limited and I didn’t want to abuse that with an extremely long article.

Once again, a heartfelt thank you to everyone who got in touch, and thanks for the amazing feedback. And as always, thanks for reading!