The typefaces of Gilles Le Corre

Handpicked

Maybe because I’m a bit of a bibliophile, but I always had a soft spot for old typefaces, used in printed publications since the Fifteenth Century. Imagine my amazement when, browsing the excellent MyFonts site, I discovered the vast collection of typefaces by Gilles Le Corre. All fonts are offered with a personal or commercial license, and are quite affordable. Some of the most interesting include historical versions of widely known typefaces such as Garamond, Baskerville, Caslon, Modern and Copperplate. If you’re fascinated by old books, historical documents and the history of printing, you’ll love Le Corre’s work.

From his profile on MyFonts:

Beginning in 2007 he has been trying to reproduce, very exactly, a wide range of historic European typefaces, mainly from medieval and early periods of printing — his favorite period — from 1456 with Gutenberg, up to 1913 with a font inspired by a real old typewriter.

All his fonts are based on historical research, identifying whenever possible printers and punch cutters, cities and countries, that represent a time and style. Often, they are “eroded”, an aesthetic choice because old printed texts have this rough and imperfect appearance. 

The punctuation signs of the time (mainly , ; . : — / | ( ) ’ ” ? and ! when available) are always respected as they were in contemporary documents. Every font is completed with arabic numbers, accented characters and any missing characters (such as the W and K which were not used in French medieval books or Latin texts, for exemple), plus any others of which no original instance can be found, along with typical ligatures, abbreviated letters, and final or initial characters […]

Here are some samples:

GLC3
GLC1
GLC4
GLC2

Paper books still win on specs

Handpicked

I really enjoyed reading Sorry iBooks, paper books still win on specs by Dieter Bohn at The Verge. I had been thinking for a long time about writing some sort of ‘definitive’ article which could clarify my exact take on paper books vs ebooks, and after reading this piece I haven’t much to add. I’ll quote the excerpts I agree the most with, then, but you should really, really read the whole thing.

What I’ve found quite ingenious in Bohn’s article is his viewing of paper books as a technology and, as such, comparing it with ebooks’ technology.

Before we get too far along in this discussion, I want to lay my cards out on the table. I am not against ebooks — I believe that their mass use is not only inevitable but will change the ways that we think and learn. I am, however, deeply concerned about ebooks when compared to paper as a technology. Make no mistake, paper is a technology just as much as an LCD screen is, and as a technology it has several important advantages over e‑readers that I am loathe to see disappear. […]

As fast as technology moves, it’s important to remember that previous changes in reading technology took literally centuries to spread. This current change is happening much more rapidly, and we need to think just as rapidly about its repercussions. 

I really like Bohn’s list of a paper book’s ‘technical specs’:

If you take a moment to think about a paper book as the technological object that it is, you can quickly see plenty of advantages over e‑readers. The list of “specs” for your standard paper book gets surprisingly long when you expand your definition of technology to include elements that don’t require a computer chip.

  1. Readable with any form of light
  2. Very high contrast display
  3. Requires no battery power
  4. Depending on model, lasts anywhere from five to five thousand years or more
  5. Immersive and non-distracting user interface
  6. Offers a spatial layout for immediate access to random information
  7. Conforms to the standardized “page number” spec for easy reference
  8. Supports direct interaction via pen or highlighter
  9. DRM-free for easy lending and resale
  10. Standards-based system not controlled by any single corporation or entity
  11. Crash-proof and immune to viruses (though vulnerable to some worms)
  12. Easy to learn user-interface consistent across most manufacturers
  13. Supports very large number of colors and also black and white images
  14. Compatible with a wide variety of note taking systems

These features and specs are either unmatched or poorly matched by most current e‑reader technology. While e‑readers obviously offer many advantages over paper books, I would argue that most of the above specs are essential to how most people think of the act of engaged, active reading. More importantly, many of these “specs” are vital to how most cultures have historically preserved and disseminated knowledge for thousands of years. The phrases “most cultures” and “thousands of years” sound awfully hokey, I know, but those are the stakes. If we are to replace this powerful and durable technology, we need to think in those very large terms. 

Spec No. 4 made me chuckle, but it’s true. And I’m glad Bohn included Spec No. 6, because it touches on an often overlooked aspect when we compare digital and paper books. When discussing this matter with other people, I often hear the argument that digital publications are more easily searchable than printed ones; that looking up information on a traditional paper book is a slower, more painful process. It’s true. But with digital books you also often lose something I’ve always found truly fascinating in paper books — stumbling upon bits of information you didn’t know and which might enrich your knowledge. 

When you perform a search in any digital search engine, you enter the word or the keywords you’re looking for. You search for information. When you randomly leaf through a paper volume of an encyclopaedia, a dictionary, an academic journal, a newspaper, etc., you find information. When I was at school, I knew many more English terms than my schoolmates because I used to open my English-Italian and English-only dictionaries at random, find words that looked ‘interesting’ and memorise their meaning. I did the same with other textbooks and encyclopaedias (at home I had access to a lot of art, literature, and other various generic encyclopaedias thanks to my grandfather’s vast and diverse personal library). This kind of — how can I say — ‘erudition by encounter’ is largely lost with digital books. (Not on the Web, though).

Back to Dieter Bohn’s article, another important section is The thousand year view, in which he talks about something I really care about: book longevity and preservation.

When it comes to the longevity of paper book technology and virtually any digital technology, there is simply no comparison. Assuming that the paper a book is printed on isn’t too acidic and it’s well-kept, it will last for literally thousands of years.

Digital formats have evolved quickly and it’s likely they will continue to evolve for the foreseeable future. Even if we assume that digital storage formats won’t ever change again and we’ll always have access to computers than can read them, the physical media itself simply breaks down in a matter of years. There are some solutions (like Millenniata), but few if any that are widespread, well-known, and standardized.

If you’re not convinced yet, I can make this point very quickly. I’d like you to read an ebook stored on a 5.25-inch floppy disk. Go ahead, I’ll wait.

Solutions to this problem from Apple, Amazon, and others seem to be based on their cloud services. That is a lot of trust to place in these corporations and their costly servers. I’m not saying that preserving paper books is free, that the work of that preservation hasn’t been manipulated by powerful interests over the centuries, or even that they’re immune to catastrophes (pour one out for the Library of Alexandria). What I am saying is that we’ve developed a system of libraries and universities that work to ensure that books are preserved for the long haul. Those same institutions and many more are trying to do the same for digital media today — but they need help and I don’t see evidence that the ebook industry is collaborating with them in any meaningful way.

Before I am willing to say that ebook technology can measure up to paper book technology, I need to see the companies developing ebooks lay out a clear plan to ensure that their books and any notes we take on them have a legitimate shot of still being around and readable in a thousand years. 

FAQ: Google’s new privacy policy

Handpicked

Source: FAQ: Google’s new privacy policy — The Washington Post.

Just a few interesting bits:

What is Google doing?: In a nutshell, Google is taking information from almost all of your Google services — including Gmail, Picasa, YouTube and search — and integrating the data so that they can learn more about you. (Information from Google Books, Google Wallet and Google Chrome will not be integrated, partly for legal reasons.)

What kind of information are they collecting and integrating?: Almost anything that’s already in the Google ecosystem: calendar appointments, location data, search preferences, contacts, personal habits based on Gmail chatter, device information and search queries, to name a few.

Can they do that?: Not under the company’s current privacy policies, but Google is introducing a new, unified policy that you can’t opt-out of.

[…]

When do the changes take effect?: March 1.

Can I opt-out?: No.

So what do I do if I don’t like the policy?: You can close your account. Google has provided information on how to take all of your personal information off of Google by closing your Google Account, which would erase your Gmail, Google+ and other accounts.

But I have a lot of data saved on Gmail/Picasa/etc…: Google says it is committed to “data liberation” and that it will allow you to take your information elsewhere if you want to. The company said it would provide directions on how to do this in the help sections for its various services.

I’m thinking about deleting a few things.

A machine of success

Tech Life

Apple’s recently announced financial results for its fiscal first quarter of 2012 are astounding:

The Company posted record quarterly revenue of $46.33 billion and record quarterly net profit of $13.06 billion, or $13.87 per diluted share. These results compare to revenue of $26.74 billion and net quarterly profit of $6 billion, or $6.43 per diluted share, in the year-ago quarter. Gross margin was 44.7 percent compared to 38.5 percent in the year-ago quarter. International sales accounted for 58 percent of the quarter’s revenue.

The Company sold 37.04 million iPhones in the quarter, representing 128 percent unit growth over the year-ago quarter. Apple sold 15.43 million iPads during the quarter, a 111 percent unit increase over the year-ago quarter. The Company sold 5.2 million Macs during the quarter, a 26 percent unit increase over the year-ago quarter. Apple sold 15.4 million iPods, a 21 percent unit decline from the year-ago quarter.

I’d anticipated yet another very positive outcome, but not like this. As always, after a Quarter Results Conference Call, I headed to John Gruber’s Daring Fireball to read some of the best handpicked ‘Claim Chowder’, and as always Gruber doesn’t disappoint:

  1. Claim Chowder: ‘iPad Demand Said to Be Fading as Competition Heats Up’
  2. Claim Chowder: ‘The iPad: In the Middle (of Nowhere)’
  3. Claim Chowder: ‘iPhone Dead in Water’
  4. Huffington Post Headline Two Days Ago: ‘Apple Q1 2012 Earnings Call Could Reveal Chinks in Armor’
  5. Claim Chowder: ‘The Apple Bubble Is Ready to Burst’

Apart from their short-sightedness, I noticed one common denominator in all these ‘analyses’ on Apple: they all seem to imply that Apple is on some kind of lucky streak, and that it won’t last much longer. With any business, luck is always a factor, but I think that Apple’s success in the last few years (starting with the iPod in 2001, but especially since the iPhone introduction in 2007) has very little to do with luck and very much to do with manufacturing great products at affordable prices on the hardware front, and coherent, cohesive ecosystems on the software front. When you join these two fronts, what you get as an end user is a solid, smooth, rewarding experience.

A new eWorld, in a way

Come to think of it, it’s almost like a modern version of Apple’s own eWorld. Just look at what was eWorld’s main screen and metaphor: a small city where users could find anything that could be of interest to them. It was an easy-to-understand interface for the then new-ish World Wide Web, and at the same time it felt like a self-sufficient space with its community. Look at the labels of those ‘places of interest’: Arts & Leisure Pavilion, Learning Center, Computer Center, Marketplace, Newsstand, eMail Center… and now think of Apple’s services of today: the various Stores (iTunes Store, iOS App Store, Mac App Store, iBookstore, the brick and mortar Apple Stores), iTunes U and the recent education-related news, iCloud services… there are a few similarities. Not in the implementation, of course, just in the general concept, in how they all have their part in the creation of the container. Sure, many focus on the negative aspects of this and call it ‘lock-in’ or ‘walled garden’, but it turns out that users really like what this self-contained, self-sufficient experience gives them. 

You can’t just take a single product and analyse it out of the big picture. Apple products are successful also because, in the end, it’s the whole experience, the Über-Product that’s successful. By offering high-quality products with thoughtful design and user interfaces, and backing them up with good-enough services, Apple has managed to create an environment where the inherent success is generated by bidirectional force between the parts and the whole. I believe Apple has come to a point where only Apple itself could undermine its success, by making huge missteps that could compromise the balance of that aforementioned bidirectional force that fuels the whole Apple machine.

Il futuro dell’educazione: mezzi e persone

Mele e appunti

Non c’è evento Apple, ultimamente, che non porti qualche bella discussione insieme alle novità. L’Apple Education Event, tenuto al museo Guggenheim di New York lo scorso 19 gennaio non fa eccezione (Qui il video del keynote). Altre situazioni nella sfera personale mi hanno impedito di seguire con attenzione le reazioni sui blog e siti che leggo quotidianamente, ma quel poco che ho letto sembra soffermarsi più che altro su questioni tecniche (i formati prodotti da iBooks Author, i termini e condizioni della licenza d’uso apparentemente assai restrittivi, ecc.). Io vorrei invece condividere alcune note più generali riguardanti l’impatto dei libri di testo elettronici, l’iPad come strumento di apprendimento, l’ ”imparare divertendosi” e via di questo passo.

Anzitutto, i particolari che mi hanno colpito positivamente: è inutile negare la praticità di un libro di testo elettronico rispetto all’equivalente cartaceo. Avrò sempre una predilezione per i libri di carta, ma in un contesto scolastico la possibilità di avere tutti i libri di testo in un solo dispositivo invece di doversi portare chili di materiale nello zaino è un vantaggio immenso. Mentre per la lettura di romanzi e di certi manuali non m’importa avere con me un tomo di 800 pagine, ricordo ancora come ai tempi del liceo dovevo portarmi appresso svariati libri di centinaia di pagine, per poi doverne leggere 10–15 durante la lezione. Per non parlare di strumenti di supporto, come i dizionari di inglese e latino, così voluminosi che si portavano sottobraccio o in una seconda borsa perché lo zaino ormai era al limite della capacità. 

Invece, con un libro di testo elettronico su iPad, come è stato dimostrato nell’evento Apple, basta toccare un termine per averne la definizione in linea, ed effettuare ricerche attraverso l’intero testo diventa un’operazione rapida ed efficace. Il risparmio di tempo, in questi casi, aiuta senz’altro a non perdere di vista ciò che si sta studiando.

Durante l’evento è stata anche mostrata la semplicità con cui si possono sottolineare e annotare i testi scolastici elettronici. Qui bisogna vedere se per lo studente sono sistemi efficaci quanto sottolineare un libro fisico e prendere appunti su un blocco o quaderno. Io trovo che interagire con gli oggetti fisici mi aiuta molto di più a ricordare i concetti e a seguire percorsi logici, ma potrebbe essere semplicemente una questione di abitudine legata al modo con cui ho imparato a studiare, pertanto sospendo il giudizio.

Dal punto di vista di uno che, nel suo piccolo, ha curato e contribuito a realizzare il prodotto libro, l’aspetto di iBooks Author che più mi ha entusiasmato è la creazione dei glossari: facile, davvero utile e un enorme risparmio di tempo. Chi, come me, si è ritrovato in passato a dover creare glossari a mano, non potrà che concordare.

D’altra parte, mentre osservavo il video dell’evento, ho avuto un’istintiva reazione di rigetto a quel che sembra essere stato presentato come ‘il miracolo iPad’. Mi sbaglierò, ma ho avuto la fastidiosa sensazione che la combinazione iPad + libri di testo elettronici siano stati introdotti come se fossero la manna dal cielo che salverà il mondo dell’educazione e l’industria delle pubblicazioni del settore educativo. Come se fossero quell’ingrediente segreto che spingerà milioni di ragazzi, altrimenti svogliati e fannulloni, ad avere un rinnovato interesse per l’educazione. Come se fossero la panacea che curerà i molti mali della scuola.

Secondo me il divertimento nell’apprendimento non è qualcosa che può scaturire esclusivamente dal mezzo, dagli strumenti dell’apprendere. Non basta il libro di testo trasformato in giochino interattivo — quel che spinge a voler apprendere di più, quel che alleggerisce il processo di apprendimento si trova soprattutto nel metodo di insegnamento, nella capacità dell’insegnante di mostrare perché quel che sta spiegando serve agli studenti. Si trasmette la potenza della conoscenza spiegando l’utilità pratica dei concetti introdotti, dimostrando che le nozioni impartite agli studenti non sono semplici blocchi di informazioni da assimilare perché lo impone un programma o perché sono informazioni fini a se stesse che ‘vanno sapute’. La bellezza dell’apprendere sta nella rivelazione dei nessi: da come si legano le leggi della termodinamica alla vita quotidiana, all’analisi dello stile di un determinato poeta o scrittore. Avere il libro di testo elettronico e interattivo è sicuramente utile, ma non dev’essere l’unica stampella su cui appoggiare tutto il processo educativo, come in parte mi è sembrato di percepire durante l’evento Apple.

Il libro di testo elettronico e interattivo è un complemento ottimo e idealmente efficace, che sono certo aiuterà a stimolare la curiosità negli studenti, ma non bisogna sottovalutare né tralasciare l’anello più importante e significativo che è l’insegnante. Non basta riempire le scuole di iPad: occorre formare insegnanti in maniera appropriata, fornendo loro strumenti adeguati che possano aiutarli nel loro mestiere sempre più complesso. Strumenti che non si limitano all’iPad in classe. La classe docente deve essere rivalutata, deve essere opportunamente aggiornata sia su ciò che bisogna insegnare, sia soprattutto sui metodi per farlo. 

Quando un insegnante sa trasmettere la bellezza della sua materia, quando spiega facendo trapelare la passione per ciò che sta insegnando, contagiando gli studenti e spingendoli ad approfondire i concetti, allora non importa se gli strumenti in dotazione alla classe sono libri interattivi o un fascio di fotocopie in bianco e nero, a vincere sarà l’educazione e la conoscenza, non (soltanto) il mercato dell’editoria o un’azienda che costruisce dispositivi elettronici.